The Lifelong Goal Of Saint Thomas Aquinas - 1692 Words

Ryan Comolli Study Of St. Thomas Aquinas Research Paper 11/23/2014 The lifelong goal of Saint Thomas Aquinas was to clearly elaborate the independence of philosophy and theology, but at the same time show their symbiotic relationship with each other. Throughout his life Aquinas was known as a theologian but many of his works carry strong philosophical undertones as well. The beauty of theology is it can enlighten us through its leap of faith. Philosophy was required to precede theology. The truths laid down from philosophy are concrete and coherent. These philosophical truths are the shoes in which theology can walk. Without philosophy there is no theology. Examples of this can be seen everywhere. Philosophical concepts like†¦show more content†¦Their importance is paramount because these truths that we believe can in turn be used to create something greater. As St. Thomas progresses through his works he builds on philosophical truths in order to allow us to reach a greater higher knowledge. In his book the Summa Theologica Thomas s ays, â€Å"We must bear in mind that there are two kinds of sciences. There are some which proceed from a principle known by the natural light of intelligence, such as arithmetic and geometry and the like. Others proceed from principles known by the light of a higher form of knowledge: Thus the science of perspective proceeds from principles established by geometry, and music from principles established by arithmetic. So it is that sacred doctrine is a science because it proceeds from principles established by the light of a higher form of knowledge, namely that of God and the blessed† (I, q. 1, a. 2). Aquinas is establishing the basis for all of theology to be built upon. As he describes to us, there is always an action and reaction when it comes to human understanding. In order for someone to believe, there needs to be a definitive and concrete basis for which this knowledge is built. In the case of theology, we require the basics set forth by philosophy to establish th e existence of God. This is and always will be the quintessential step in accepting the divine wisdom which god reveals to us. Belief in the Catholic Church and God

Creativity in Literacy Practices - 2408 Words

Creativity in Literacy Practices: A TEXTUAL AND CONTEXTUAL APPROACH by Agatha Xaris Villa INTRODUCTION AT PRESENT, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF LINGUISTIC CREATIVITY. THEY DIFFER IN THE WAY THE WAY THAT THEY CONCEPTUALIZE WHAT COUNTS AS CREATIVENESS OR ‘LITERARINESS’ IN LANGUAGE AS WELL AS IN THE METHODS THEY USE TO IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE CREATIVITY IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE. This essay begins by discussing and exploring the premises of an analysis of creativity at text level following a textual approach to literacy and creativity; assessing the extent to which it is effective in identify creativity in literacy practices such as diaries, letters and graffiti. However, I would like to continue by presenting the argument†¦show more content†¦A graffiti-covered wall may look like vandalism to law-enforcers or a rather threatening cacophony of ‘names’ to the common passerby but it constitutes a symbolic exchange between members of a sub-group. In the world of graffiti, tags located on the same space are often interpreted in relation to their positioning and proximity to each other. They may be viewed as a sign of respect, acknowledgement or outright disregard – a reflection of the intensely competitive nature of this practice. In addition to the collaborative nature of creative literary practices, the ethnographic approach pays careful attention to the influence of the context of reading and writing in the development of creative practices (Papen and Tusting, 2006, p.320). They argued that in any given opportunity, there is particular set of possibilities and constraints that provides the opportunity for creativity. This involves affordances (i.e., properties of the environment, arising from its material characteristics which may be positive or negative depending on the individual) from new forms of technology, discourse conventions as well as inter-textual and material resources available to producers of text. An important thing to note is while possibilities may determine what is possible in any given context, the possibilities associated with a setting doShow MoreRelatedCreativity in Literacy Practices2398 Words   |  10 PagesCreativity in Literacy Practices: A TEXTUAL AND CONTEXTUAL APPROACH by Agatha Xaris Villa INTRODUCTION AT PRESENT, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF LINGUISTIC CREATIVITY. THEY DIFFER IN THE WAY THE WAY THAT THEY CONCEPTUALIZE WHAT COUNTS AS CREATIVENESS OR ‘LITERARINESS’ IN LANGUAGE AS WELL AS IN THE METHODS THEY USE TO IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE CREATIVITY IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE. This essay begins by discussing and exploring the premises of an analysis of creativity at textRead MoreLiteracy between the Past and the Present600 Words   |  3 Pages Literacy between the Past and the Present Name: Institution: â€Æ' Literacy between the Past and the Present Introduction The nature of literacy learning encompasses instructional techniques and pedagogy of literacy. 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Into the Wild essay Free Essays

All in all, within the plethora of persona, he illus. dates resemblance of myself and Henry David Thoreau. In contrast, he counteracts the lyrics of â€Å"Mad World† written by Gary Jules. We will write a custom essay sample on Into the Wild essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jon Krause, in , portrays Chris Mishandles’ determination with reaching his goals, which similarly connects to my unforgiving attitude. Setting goals and having a passion to achieve such goals creates character that can not be known any to her way. Westerners compliments Chris, â€Å"He was the hardest worker I’ve ever seen. Did don’t matter what it was†¦ And he never quit in the middle of something’ (Krause 18). Chris, k now as Alex to Westerners, always kept his mind on his end goal of hiking to Alaska into the elderliness and never gave up, even when things got tough. Similarly, my parents always taut get me to never give up and follow any dream, no matter how highly standard or crazy it may be, because the outcome can be life changing. Ever since was little I always dreamed Of playa Eng softball in Wilkinson 2 college and eventually end up on TV, as well as wanting to be an accountant f or a small business. Right now, I am in the midst of my dream, working for the last goal. For softball, I play on varsity in high school as a junior. While for school I take 4 AP classes, along with an accounting course. Combining my involvement in softball and school, with a very high probability, will encounter an opportunity for college in my near future. Full y, Chris Mishandles and I share a similar passion for following our dream, no matter t he circumstances. Secondly, Mishandles portrays similar qualities as Henry David Thoreau with hatred for higher authority. In Thoreau essay, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience , criticizes the government’s power over the citizens and how they unlawfully use that to the IR advantage. Into the Wild describes Alex of having ideas like that. Throughout many pieces of work The Rorer sees his knowledge to express his opinion against what he believes to be war Eng, like, â€Å"l was not designed to be forced. I will breathe after my own fashion. Let us see who is t he strongest† (Thoreau). To be clear, Thoreau speaks to the government because he disagree sees with how they force others to do things. Correspondingly, Alex does not appreciate the gave rent because he feels no matter what he says they will disagree with him and lock him up since e his actions look suspicious. Krause could endeavor to explain that he a answered to statutes of a higher order that as a latterly adherent of Henry David Thoreau, he too as gospel the essay and thus considered it his moral responsibility to flout the laws of the state† (Krause 28). Here, Krause explains Ale’s view point and why he feels the government or any authority will allow him to keep moving without any arrest. As a whole, Mishandles and Thoreau share multiple qualities, but most apparent, their hatred for the government. Wilkinson 3 Lastly, Chris’ decision to leave his family contrasts the song â€Å"Mad World†, by G array Jules. To explain, Chris vacates his family and moves on with his life to become e a better self, while â€Å"Mad World’s† lyrics hope for that result, but the people in society instead conform, and eventually end up killing themselves because of the torture they received fro m only staying in one place and not moving on. The first verse of Mad World goes as followed: All around me are familiar faces Worn out places, worn out faces Bright and early for the daily races Going nowhere, going nowhere. (14) Gary Jules explains explicitly how everyone wants to succeed but downgrades that fact with explaining how nobody does anything about it. Opposing, Chris makes the decision to drop everything and leave his family for finding what he believes in. Krause expo lain Mishandles’ ordeal discussing how'[I]immediately after graduating with hon. RSI, from Emory university in the summer of 1990, Mishandles dropped out of sight. He Chance geed his name, gave the entire balance of twentyfourthousanddollar savings account to chair TTY abandoned his car, and most of his possessions, burned all the cash in his wallet. And then h e invented a new life for himself, taking up residence at the ragged margin of our society, wand erring across North America in search of raw, transcendent experience† (Krause Author’s Note). Chris realized he would benefit from leaving his materialistic life because all he felt he needed, tauter could offer to him with peace, which came to the conclusion of him also removing all past things from his life. How to cite Into the Wild essay, Essays Into the Wild Essay Free Essays The Pursuit of Happiness Every individual is unique. One’s unique identity is composed by their own beliefs, values and views. Many individuals wish to obtain a state of happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Into the Wild Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Happiness is not an unreachable goal since each person has their own individual definitions of true â€Å"happiness†. Sean Penn uses Chris McCandless’ life story to show the idea of what it means to be human in the movie Into the Wild. A person will try to pursue certainty and hopefulness because of particular events that happened in the person’s life. Relationships can be damaged by the findings of the reality of a situation. The protagonist’s parents are highly ambitious individuals who place the value of worldly goods above everything else. After graduating from high school Chris goes on a trip to California where he visits with all friends and finds out that his father had another family before his sister and he were born. The emotions triggered by this discovery overwhelm Chris so he did not share his findings with his parents. â€Å"Rather than love, than money, than faith, than fame, than fairness†¦ [he wanted the] truth†, something that his parents never gave him. The trust that Chris had in his parents was broken by this revelation, resulting in him believing that he isn’t worthy of love. The only reason Chris found out the lies and secrets of his family was because he choose to deeply explore his family history. Freedom for Chris came from the findings about his parents. Chris hated the society he was in, he saw it as a world where the ignorant are in power and the well-educated intellectual has to watch his words since those words can have disastrous consequences. Chris sees people as prisoners, living unhappy lives and putting up with the confines of their lives, never wanting to break out of a life of security and behaviour akin to following the heard because all of this can give a person a fake sense of peace of mind. Chris saw the only way that he could escape those feelings of being poisoned by society and the only way that he can truly fee himself from his circumstances by simply running away and walking alone through the land, eventually isolating himself from everything. This is Chris’ definition of happiness. To accomplish this he simply donated all of his money to charity and left without telling anyone. The deceit and lies from his family pushed Chris to run away from a pretentious reality and form his own version of what a happy and fulfilling reality was by surrounding himself with the harmony of nature. This was Chris’ journey of self-discovery and it came to fruition as he set off â€Å"Into the Wild†. Chris set off on his spiritual quest â€Å"†¦to find [himself] at least once in the most human conditions†¦ with nothing to help [him] but [his] own hands and [his] own head†. He went through all the difficulties of living purely off the land by hunting and fishing and often suffering from near-starvation without any exterior wealth or resources in order to prove that for him, it was â€Å"not [necessary] to be strong but to feel strong, to measure [himself] once†. The feat that Chris undertook, he was only able to carry it out based on a strong set of values and morals that he learned and absorbed from the words of great writers and enlightened thinkers. To find inner peace and a true candid reality, Chris was driven to the wild for freedom and change. To close the void in his heart, Chris travels great distances. His final destination was Alaska, a land where he can escape from people, technology and all the other luxuries of everyday life. His survival in Alaska depended on him hunting and picking edible plants for food and starting fires for warmth. Chris spends most of his time contemplating about his life and about his ideas of happiness. After much contemplating Chris finally realized that by simply running away he would not be able to solve his problems and the only way he can be truly happy is by sharing and interacting with others and ultimately he realizes that even he needs companionship. Leo Tolstoy captivates Chris with the idea that happiness stems from â€Å"being useful to people†. Once Chris realizes this he is sadly unable to return to society as he discovered that the snow melted and what once used to be a small river now turned into a full torrent which does not allow him to leave. This is made worse by the poisonous plant that Chris ate which eventually causes his death. In the end it was Chris’ self centered ideals of happiness that led to his death. When starting his journey, Chris had his truth and ideals set in stone, but as he experienced true isolation, he, along with his ideals changed dramatically. One’s personal experiences are what create the significance of truth and perfectionism in one’s life. To fully comprehend this is very difficult because of the uniqueness of each individual. Chris’ journey shows that trouble and distress will be present in a person’s life if they don’t have an ideal to which to live by. The truth isn’t always pretty and can very well be upsetting, but by finding the truth a person may be able to find an ideal. The truth about the unknown family that Chris has is what enabled him to create his ideals about how negative society is. His trip to Alaska on the other hand is what showed him another truth, one where he needs relationships and where his happiness can be achieved within the confines of society. How to cite Into the Wild Essay, Essay examples Into the Wild Essay Free Essays Chris McCandless: Why’d you have to go? Chris McCandless is a uniquely remarkable person for a large number of reasons. Most people would consider any person who donated their life savings, burned all the cash in their wallet, and abandoned their car to go wander around the country with nothing; either crazy, stupid, or both. But I believe Chris McCandless was neither crazy nor stupid; in fact, I believe him to be a visionary. We will write a custom essay sample on Into the Wild Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now After receiving and fully utilizing a four-year education at Emory University in Georgia, he decided to leave society behind and venture off into the wild with only the things he deemed truly necessary. He left society in search of happiness and the truth behind what makes us all happy. Coming from a wealthy, upper-middleclass family, he learned to utterly despise the materialistic views of his family which he believed strongly reflected the American culture. This above all fueled his desire to rid himself of his possessions and go see the world for himself. Many people believe he was an idiot with a death wish, an Alaskan park ranger was even quoted saying â€Å"Chris McCandless committed suicide†(nmge. mu. edu). Although Chris McCandless died at the end of John Krakauer’s novel Into the Wild, I believe he found the answers he was looking for, and died after completing his venture. Chris traveled all over the North American continent meeting people and going on what I would consider the adventure of a lifetime. While there is much speculation and controversy over what his actual plan was, without a doubt the end of his plan was to ‘somehow get to Alaska. â€℠¢(Krakuer 77). I think because of the people he met on his travels and the metacognitive pondering he did throughout his time traveling he ended up doing exactly what he planned, but unfortunately, nothing else. Chris McCandless was by no means suicidal, he did not have a desire to die, but his plans ended with going to Alaska. Before getting to Alaska, McCandless explored anything and everything he could; he was a very curious man, always ready to explore. He even canoed down miles of the Colorado River all the way to Mexico. Upon arriving in Alaska his disposition seemed to change, instead of wanting to explore and see everything there was to see like he had been doing before, he settled down in an abandoned bus for a few months. The only other place Chris had chosen to stay for any amount of time similar that was in Bullhead city, Arizona when he got a job at McDonalds in order to acquire supplies and to wait out the winter before starting on his path to Alaska. This shows he was at least smart enough to not go try and live in the Alaskan wilderness during the winter. So what was he doing alone in the wilderness? Why did he stop exploring? These are questions that can only be speculated on. What differentiates this story from other stories is that while reading the book you perceive him as a character; Chris McCandless was not a character, he was a person. Characters always have motivation behind their decisions, doing things for specific reasons or even foreshadowing to events that haven’t even been written about yet. People are completely random, sporadically doing things with little to no thought. While we can sit here and analyze why he did what he did and what he was thinking at every step, but what if he had stopped thinking, what if he commonly acted on impulse? These are things that characters do not typically do. Chris McCandless stopped exploring upon arriving in Alaska for a few reasons. First of all he didn’t plan to do anything except survive when he got there. He wanted to survive and ponder his existence in the raw untempered wilderness. Whilst out there he was just thinking about survival, and while being in that state of mind he wanted to find things that still brought happiness to him. He had happy moments alone out there, but they were few and far between, and in his words â€Å"counted for little to nothing†(Krakuer 197). The most important thing Chris McCandles learned, and really the answer I think he was searching for was â€Å"Happiness is only real when shared†(Krakuer 77). Unfortunately he did not come upon this conclusion until it was too late to go back to society to share his newfound knowledge and to share his happiness with the ones he loved. That quote is really powerful and I believe it with all of my being. It is good to spend introspective time alone, but when it comes down to it if you had all the knowledge of the universe and no one to share it with, what would be the point? The same goes for what Chris discovered of happiness, while it is not impossible to be happy while you are alone it just does not seem to be worth anything unless you share your happiness. Happiness was meant to be shared by everyone and every thing with everyone and every thing, which is what I learned from John Krakuers telling of Chris McCandless journey to find the source of happiness. Happiness does not come from materialistic possessions, nor from people, or from money. Happiness comes from sharing everything from company and thoughts to houses and cars. If you are not sharing your happiness with someone else you more than likely are not as happy as you may think. If Chris had made it back he would have wanted to share the things that made him happy, just as I want to do now. Chris McCandless was a visionary and an eye opener. He has influenced many people and been a conversation point for many a collegiate-scholar. He explored many miles across North America and kept firmly to his beliefs. Chris’s journey was one of philosophical searching, and I believe he found what he was searching for. It was not until he was starving to death in the Alaskan wilderness that he realized what it was he was searching for was not there, he wanted to find happiness, but happiness can only be shared. Chris McCandless could have and should have had a plan to get out of Alaska, but he wasn’t that kind of guy. He just wanted to go where life took him, and it took him to death. Although it was definitely a long, painful, and miserable way to die I believe before his death Chris McCandless came to his epiphany before the end. Because he was not yet dead his quest had completed and he was ready to return to society with his newfound knowledge. Unfortunately for him, his friends and family, and the entire world, Chris never made it back to our society and we never got to learn from a very wise man. Not all wisdom comes from age; wisdom comes from experience backed by thoughtful and introspective reflection, both of which were all Chris McCandless did on his long and eventful trip out into the wild. Whether you think him a naive young man with a death wish or one of the greatest philosophical minds of his time or anything in between, Chris was brave enough to stand up for what he believed in and intelligent enough to search for a type of knowledge that cannot be taught, only experience. Chris McCandless has earned the respect of many people across the world and that is a valuable thing indeed. How to cite Into the Wild Essay, Essays

Predicting Brand Perception Market Entry -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Predicting Brand Perception Market Entry? Answer: Introduction In Singapore, the total population is more than 5.6 million in 2017. If the comparison is made with the past 10 years then it is seen that there are only 4 million people. So it is also seen that governments give assistance to globalization. Burger hut can take advantage of the condition that is prevailing by taking into consideration global expansion. Political stability also minimizes the challenges to the growth of the organization. Burger hut should try to improve the e-commerce capabilities. So, political factor helps to enhance the market on an international platform. Environmental factor It is seen that Singapore national environment agency emphasizes on minimizing the food wastage by launching a campaign. Based on NEA survey it is analyzed that many customers are wasting foods and it is causing a serious problem to the environment. So, it is important that residents should work together so that the waste can be minimized of the society and at the same time resources can be saved by reducing wastage of food. Climate change can minimize the overall stability of the supply chain management of Burger Hut. It can be a threat for the company in the coming years. The company also has the opportunity to enhance the sustainability status. If the focus is given to business sustainability then it can be treated as an opportunity for the company. Also, burger hut has the opportunity to enhance the efficiency so that more customers who advocate low carbon lifestyles can be attracted. With the increase in popularity of low carbon, lifestyle is an opportunity for the company (Brec k, Cantor, Martinez Elbel, 2014). Social Factor The increase in population diversity offers burger hut an opportunity to innovate its products so that customers can be attracted to different backgrounds. Demand is affected by the people who are more Health conscious. If the company has the opportunity to introduce healthy products then they should take into consideration the products that are healthy for the customers. Animal rights advocacy still prevail to attract the attention and threaten the products of burger hut. The company can take into consideration the new supply chain policies so that the rights and welfare of animals can be addressed. The population is increasing because over the years there are foreigners who migrate to Singapore for different retention. Burger hut should focus on analyzing the demand of the customers so that they can innovate products according to the expectation level of the customers. Also as it is seen that Singapore is a multi-racial country that has an endless selection of cultural and educational opportunities. So, if there is more population in Singapore, then wide customer range would consume the products of the burger hut (Brindal, Wilson, Mohr Wittert, 2015). Technological factor There are various new technologies that are present in the business in the current business environment. Burger hut can take into consideration the technologies so that operational efficiency can be improved. The company can also focus on mobile users so that large market share can be grabbed. By considering research and development activity in the fast food sector, burger hut has the opportunity to enhance its research and development investments to enhance performance. The innovation of new technologies can help to create a better job opportunities and working condition of the society. At the time of new launching, it creates a new spark for business. In the coming years, it is noticed that consumer can use VR for shopping, online ordering, and the delivery will be made through the drone. The adults will be paying all kinds of bills with the help of online banking system. In the recent scenario, it is seen that in Singapore 2G mobile phone and network are totally phased out. Not only improvement is made in the mobile network but also new technologies have brought new possibility in future for burger hut (Teichert, Effertz, Tsoi Shchekoldin, 2015). Economic factors As it is seen that countries implement more and expanded trade agreements so it creates a good opportunity for the company by considering global supply chain. Singapore economic stability helps the company to grow in the market. Burger hut has the opportunity to expand in developing economies. Burger hut should focus on growth and expansion so that the demand for the products can be enhanced easily in the market. Legal factors Burger hut should comply with the legal requirements. The overall impact of the legal system will give hindrance to the working structure of the organization. Burger King has the opportunity to enhance the import and export regulations that assist new international trade agreements. The organization can improve its sustainability performance to increase expectations and requirements based on environmental protection laws. GMO regulations affect the performance of burger hut by taking into consideration the availability of GMO ingredients that are used in the industry. So, it is seen that burger hut should focus on the concerns like growth and expansion in the market, sustainability of business operations, mobile transactions and improvement of product for health-conscious consumers so that the demand for the product can be enhanced. SWOT Analysis Burger Hut has a good product line if the comparison is made with the competitors. Burger hut not only provides burgers in different combination but also offers BBQ chicken burgers. Secondly, Burger hut has a strong goodwill in the market. The company is strong in its branding efforts but it is on the stage of expansion. In places where the company is present capture a large market share so that the activities of the company can give positive results. It is also analyzed that the company should have a strategy of the franchise so that innovative menus can be introduced rather than worrying about the finance. Burger hut has a moderate differentiation that helps the company to enhance its uniqueness of many products. Weakness The weakness of Burger hut is that they have a limited product mix. The company has moderate diversity but the weakness is related to the business strategy and goods that are imitated by the competitors. Other competitors can also offer same grilled burgers that company offers it should be imitable by the competitors. It is seen that fast food sector has a limited product mix that helps to prevent the organization from attracting the customers for more options that are available for the customers. Sales of the company are decreasing in the market as there are many customers who avoid fast food because of it unhealthy for health. Just because of the thinking pattern of the customers the revenue also decreases of the company (Grant, 2016). Opportunities There are many opportunities to burger hut which are related to the health consciousness of the customers. It is seen people prefer to consume those products that give benefit to their health. To achieve profit and improvement it is recommended that healthy menus, lo fat and lo calories should be launched so that more customers can be attracted towards the products. Together with diversification and product mix, the company can easily enhance the market share. Burger hut has the opportunity to enhance its product line so that more consumers can be attracted towards the company. The company should also enhance service quality so that differentiation can be made from the competitors like McDonald's (Hanaysha, 2016). The major threat to the company is from the competitors who are offering the same product as burger hut. There is high competition in the fast food business and also among the local easting joint and international companies like KFC, Pizza, and Subway. Just because of health consciousness the habit of the customers is changing. Healthcare awareness campaigns are organized by the government and NGO so that customer becomes conscious and consume more products of the company (Moran, Ramirez Block, 2017). Burger hut can implement the strategies so that major concerns can be addressed like enhancement in the service quality, a healthy lifestyle can be improved and also product mix can be enhanced. Marketing Communication Objectives SMART Approach The objective of the company is to attain profitability, growth and good customer service. It is seen that goals and objectives of the company are very important as it maintains burger hut integrity by considering competitors and customers. The objective of the company is to offer best and affordable services to the customers. It is important to have proper communication with the customers so that better quality and services can be offered to the customers. The company can advertise the offers by taking into consideration banners, coupons, the newspaper by social media (Genoveva Siam, 2017). The target age group will be the young adult and working adult. By considering social media, television advertisement and sponsorship of channel so that concept can be enhanced within 9 months and it will get 40 percent of Singapore residents to get knowledge about the brand. In the first 3 months, we will try to make awareness and promote the concept of social media like Facebook and Instagram. It is seen that official account of burger hut will be created so that review and feedback can be taken from the customers. By scanning QR code, the customers can get more information and also many offers (Rutsaert, Pieniak, Regan, McConnon, Kuttschreuter, Lores Verbeke, 2014). In the next 3 to 6 month, the coupons will be distributed and scan the QR code at the time of redemption of coupons when customers purchases a meal. In 6 to 9 months the company will conduct a competition named as "big stomach king" so that Hashtag program can be launched (Rothaermel, 2015). After 9 months the burger hut sales will enhance and more than 40 percent resident of Singapore will get information about burger king. If the campaign is conducted like "Big stomach king" and the products will be promoted on social media to attract customers can help to enhance the overall sales in an effective manner. Burger hut should share the promotion by taking into consideration social media sites like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter so that the Time is considered as money. To attain the goals that were set earlier by November 2018, the company will accomplish overall goals and objectives effectively. STDP Approach Food is considered as an important aspect in Singapore. It is seen that the living cost is expensive in Singapore. The information below shows the monthly spending of Singaporean. Based on that information it is seen that resident spends more on food and beverages by taking into consideration transport and household expenses. By doing segmentation it is seen that there are working adults and young adults. Targeting When a fast food product is a high price, the target will be on the working adults and young adults. The adults will be targeted as they are able to purchase the product easily. Differentiation Burger hut is taking into consideration unique black and white burger as one of the advertisement appeals and also to make the products different from the competitors. If this appeal is made then it can be easy to attract the attention of the customers. The company should make an attractive poster so that the customers can be attracted towards the products. Positioning Effective brand positioning will help to increase the customer relevance and competitive advantage so that brand value can be increased. The key selling point of burger hut is the combination of a large portion and also the unique combination so that large market share can be grabbed. Marketing Mix The company is also planning to launch 2 different types of the burger like a blue burger and red burger in combo. The special recipe will be considered for both the burgers so that it tastes different. Also, the company should include fries and drinks to enhance the satisfaction level of the customers (Liu, Lee Hung, 2017). The company should not only introduce new burger but also vegetable salad and cheese potato should be introduced in the market. The prices of the product should be fixed by comparing with other competitors. Low prices should be set so that more customers can be attracted. The promotion of the products will be based on the advertisement. The promotion can be done by considering social media campaigns like print media and event sponsorships. The company should emphasize on setting the outlet in the center of the city so that more customers can be attracted towards the products and services. Proposed Evaluation and Control Customer feedback is essential as it offers the opportunity to the marketers and management to enhance their business, products, and services. When the customers buy any item from a stall, a feedback QR code is seen on the bill. The customer can give feedback by clicking on the links. There are few questions that are asked of the price range, customer service, and location. Burger hut should consider the figures to improve the overall performance. Activities of Competitors To analyze the activities of the competitor is important especially when they are trying a strategy related to counter. It is important to know who the competitors are and what services will be offered to assist the management to respond to the competitors. It is also important to analyze the ways that will help to improve the performance of the organization. Conclusion By analyzing the report, it is seen that burger hut could attain its financial goals. In the analysis, it is evaluated that world is changing its activities rapidly by considering a mobile phone that will help the customers to change effectively. It is also essential to adopt a new trend that is on the market. It is essential for the burger hut to put more efforts in branding so that company can compete effectively in the market. By following proper evaluation the company will be able to achieve overall goals and objectives. References Breck, A., Cantor, J., Martinez, O., Elbel, B. (2014). Who reports noticing and using calorie information posted on fast food restaurant menus?. Appetite, 81, 30-36. Brindal, E., Wilson, C., Mohr, P., Wittert, G. (2015). Eating in groups: Do multiple social influences affect intake in a fast-food restaurant?. Journal of health psychology, 20(5), 483-489. Genoveva, G., Siam, S. T. (2017). Analysis of Marketing Strategy and Competitive Advantage. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(1), 1571-1579. Grant, R. M. (2016). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Hanaysha, J. (2016). Testing the effects of food quality, price fairness, and physical environment on customer satisfaction in fast food restaurant industry. Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 6(2), 31-40. Liu, W. K., Lee, Y. S., Hung, L. M. (2017). The interrelationships among service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty: Examination of the fast-food industry. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 20(2), 146-162. Moran, A. J., Ramirez, M., Block, J. P. (2017). Consumer underestimation of sodium in fast food restaurant meals: Results from a cross-sectional observational study. Appetite, 113, 155-161. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015). Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Rutsaert, P., Pieniak, Z., Regan, ., McConnon, ., Kuttschreuter, M., Lores, M., ... Verbeke, W. (2014). Social media as a useful tool in food risk and benefit communication? A strategic orientation approach. Food Policy, 46, 84-93. Teichert, T., Effertz, T., Tsoi, M., Shchekoldin, V. (2015). Predicting brand perception for fast food market entry. Theoretical Economics Letters, 5(06), 697.

Major Factors for a Successful Exhibition free essay sample

Exhibitors expect to meet visitors so they can do business with. Organizers need visitors to visit their exhibitions’ so they can encourage exhibitors to join their exhibitions, therefore making positive financial returns. On the 28-31 October this year, the HKTDC will organize an international furniture fair at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition centre. The most successful companies in this exhibition will be the ones that take advantage of the knowledge the event organizers have to offer, and then successfully communicate that knowledge to the project team that will design all the elements that will be present within the display booth. Other factors for a successful exhibition in the eyes of the exhibitor include but not limited to the following †¢Establish meaningfully goals, and come up with a strong and reliable strategy that will achieve your goals. †¢Put into practice powerful and unforgettable marketing initiatives before, during, and after the exhibition. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Factors for a Successful Exhibition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Choose the best type of exhibit display booth that meets your goals and promotional needs as well as your budgetary requirements. †¢Effectively make use of display accessories, banners, graphics, lighting, booth design, and materials to heighten visibility and drive sales. †¢Hand out Promotional products that complement your company image. †¢Ensure those working the show are well trained to fully represent your company, generate leads, and secure sales. Through the eyes of the organizer the key factors of a successful exhibition is when all the exhibition goals have been achieved or completed. Some of those goals I have listed below †¢Pre-promotional strategy as meet it objectives by providing enough interest in the exhibition †¢All the allocated floor space as been taken up by exhibitors †¢Visitors count by surpassed the expected amount †¢Feedback from exhibitors is good and bookings are taken for the following year †¢Nothing unexpected happens †¢When organizers receive recognition for their exhibition A well organized event will enhance awareness, help to capture new business leads and advance customer relationships

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Neurological Aspects of Pain 1.1. Functional Properties of Nerve Fibres 1.1.1. Properties of Peripheral Somatic Nerves Peripheral somatic nerves consists generally of somatic-motor, autonomic-motor and sensible fibres. 1.1.1.1. Somatic-motor fibres for the striated musculature The cell bodys of somatomotor fibres for the striated musculature are always lying in the brainstem (12 pare cerebral nerves) or the fore horn of the whole spinal medulla. The stimulus runs from central to peripheral (efferent). The lateral cutaneous femoral nerve consists of sensible fibres and no motor fibres. The shiatic nerve consists of 20% motor fibres, 30% sensible, and 50% sympathetic fibres. The gluteal nerves consist of pure motor fibres, sympathetic fibres and no sensible fibres. 1,2 1.1.1.2. Autonomic-motor fibres for the smooth muscles of blood- and lymphatic vessels The autonomic-motor fibres for the smooth muscles of the blood and lymphatic vessels are of sympathetic origin. Venes are not innervated. They function by the musculare pump system and in some cases by valves. The cells bodies of the autonomic-motor fibres are situated in the lateral horn between C8-L2. They are termed: the centro-ganglionar neurons. All motor neurons, situated in the spinal medulla go via the fore horn to the peripheral nerve. It must be mentioned that all smooth muscles can contract without external innervation (for example: heart, gut). This is due to the intrinsic nerve system with is influenced by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. 3-5 1.1.1.3. Sensible fibres for somatic structures The sensible fibres for somatic structures originate from muscles, tendons, capsules, joints, ligaments and bones. Their cell bodies are lying in the spinal ganglions of the corresponding nerve (= afferent). 2,6 1.1.1.4. Sensible fibres for autonomic structures: blood- en lymphatic vessels The cell bodies of the sensible fibres for autonomic structures are situated in the spinal ganglions of the segments where the sympathetic neurons start (SI-joint: T11-L1). The peripheral autonomic nerve contains generally autonomic-motor and sensible fibres and serves for the innervation of organs. Glands are always dubble innervated (sympathetic and parasympathetic), except for the adrenals. 2 Examples: The femoral arterie contains sensible fibres which go to the spinal ganglions and arrive in the dorsal horn where connections exist, via intercalar neurons, with the origins of the sympathethic fibres of the levels T10-T11. Knee joint: is sensible innervated via the sciatic nerve (posterior side of the knee), but in the knee capsule, sensible fibres exist which connect via the femoral arterie the levels T10-T12. 1.1.2. Properties of Peripheral Autonomic Fibres Peripheral autonomic nerves consist of autonomic-motor and sensible fibres. They innervate organs and glands. 1.1.2.1. Viscero-sensible fibres The cell bodies of viscero-sensible nerve fibres are situated in the spinal ganglions of those segments from where the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons start. Example: the pelvis organs: S2-S4 and/or TLJ (= thoracolumbar junction). The TLJ receives a lot of information. Some of those stimuli go via the nervous supply in the blood vessel wall. 2 1.1.2.2. Motor fibres for smooth muscles The parasympathetic primary cells are situated in the brain stem to the level of C2 and the lateral horn of S2-S4. The sympathetic origin is situated in the lateral horn of C8-L2. 2,7,8 1.1.3. Axoplasma Flow of the Axons Materials and substances are moved within the cytoplasm of all cells. In the axoplasm (= cytoplasm of neurons), structures such as the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, microtubules and neurofilaments likely take part of the axoplasmic transport mechanism. Perhaps the human movement plays a role in this intracellular motility 9. In the cytoplasm of nerve fibres nutrients and transmitters are moved. At the nerve ends vesicles are located, that continue the transport into the gap junction. The transport in the axoplasma is termed antidrome and orthodrome transport. Antidrome (antegrade) transport occurs from central to the periphery and orthodrome (retrograde) transport in the opposite direction.1,10,11 For the sciatic nerve the antidrome transport is rather fast (12 hours), the orthodrome transport is slower (48 hours). 1.1.3.1. Signal transfer of the peripheral nerve fibres Ion-channels and receptors play an important role in the signal transfer of the peripheral nerve fibres. The ion-channels are located on the extremities of the fibres. They make the transport for the neurotransmitters possible. Receptors are specified. Every cell has ÂÂ ± 1 million receptors. The gates of the ion-channels (mostly proteins) can be inhibitory or excitatory. The Swann-cells are spread over the axon and form de myelin sheet. The myelin sheets are interrupted by the knots of Ranvier. In the CNS they are termed glial cells. The glial cells have several functions. The myelin sheets have a certain thickness. Unmyelinated axons have Schwann-cells as well. In myelinated axons the stimulus progresses salutatory and in unmyelinated axons the stimulus progresses slowly. The signal transfer of the peripheral nerve fibres has 3 kinds of stimulus progress being chemical transport, electric stimuli progression and axoplasm flow. Chemical transport occurs at the nerve ends, and consists of neurotransmitters. The transport depends of the kind of ion-channel, the neurotransmitter and the receptor. Electric stimuli progress over the axon and occur by opening of the ion-channels stimulation the own nerve ends due to production of the neurotransmitters. The speed of transmission depends of the presence of a myelin sheet and the diameter of the fibres. The axoplasm flow of the neurotransmitter in axoplasma (= chemical) occurs in 2 directions. Sometimes the pain can occur 24 hours after injury! It can also be very slow (up to 48 hours) and be resposible for the delayed onset of pain. 1,11 1.1.3.2. Morphologic and functional classification of nerve fibres: Understanding pain phenomen the morphologic and functional properties of nerve fibres is important. In time several classification systems have been investigated and proposed. 1.1.3.3. Classifying axons according to their conduction velocity In the 1920s and 1930s, there was a virtual use of classifying axons according to their conduction velocity 13. Three main categories were discerned, called A, B and C fibres: C fibres are the smallest and slowest. Mechanoreceptors generally fall in category A. The A group is further broken down into subgroups designated: the a fibres: the fastest the b fibres the d fibres: the slowest The muscle afferents axons are usually classified into four additional groups: I: the fastest II, III and IV: the slowest, with subgroups designated by lower case roman letters. 1.1.3.4. Properties of the A-d, A-b sensors or type I en II fibres The A-a and A-b fibres have low threshold properties. They are low threshold afferents/efferents, they have a quick adaptation, are bi- or monosynaptic and unimodal (= mechanosensors: only sensible for mechanical stimuli). They cross the midline in the spinal medulla. The A-b provides information about normal pressure or strain tension and the A-a provides information about position changes of joints in space. They give information about the smooth touch and kinesaesthesis in the skin. 1.1.3.5. Properties of the A-d and C sensors or type III en IV fibres 1.1.3.5.1. The A-d sensors or type III fibres The A-d or type III fibres are selective and have a slightly higher threshold than the A-a and the A-b sensors. They have a longer adaptation time. After a pin prick the pain keeps going on for a time which is a specific property of the A-d sensors. They are multisynaptic and cross the midline in the spinal medulla. A-d sensors are polymodal. They provide information about mechanical stretch and pressure forces from normal to noxious. They give information about temperature from normal to noxious stimuli. From 36,5ÂÂ °C tot 42ÂÂ °C especially C-fibres are involved. From 36,5ÂÂ °C tot 38ÂÂ °C the A-d fibres are responsible. A quantity of those fibres is noxious. They are termed: nocisensors but not all. Some measure only normal temperatures and they become nocisensors in case of tissue injury. 11 1.1.3.5.2. The C sensors or type IV fibres The C or type IV fibres are selective and have a high till very high threshold. They are slow to very slow with a long adaptation time. They have tonic and continuous activity properties. They cross the midline in the medulla medulla and are polymodal. The C fibres measure the chemical consistence of tissues from normal to noxious. They measure temperature from normal till abnormal (= noxious). Some of those fibres are nocisensors but not all of them. Example: the sensibility of the knee consists of 80% normal sensibility sensors and 20% nocisensors. 11 1.1.3.5.3. Difference between nocisensor- stimulation and pain A nocisensor measures the damage of injured tissue. A nocisensor can but must not necessarily provoke pain. A part of the A-d and C-fibres are nocisensors. They measure the damage or the almost-damage (mechanic, temperature, chemical). Their noxious stimulation does not always lead to pain perception. Here fore the stimulus must attain the thalamus and cerebral cortex, otherwise there is no pain sensation. Not all nociceptory stimuli rise so high to the midbrain or cortex. A lot of stimuli extinguish in the spinal medulla, the ascending pathways or in the brainstem. The stimulus attains the pain centres when the intensity of one stimulus is sufficient or when summation occurs of several stimuli in parts of the dorsal horn. As well reflectory (unconscious) as cognitive (conscious) reactions occur and the nocisensors will provoke pain, in case of severe damage. Thus, not all nocisensors provoke pain but they can be considered as normal pain fibres. It is logic that if a nocisensor is s ufficiently stimulated it will provoke the sensation of pain. A-d en C fibres can give pain thats not only caused by the damage itself, but as a result of the damage as well. A pain feelin which is more intense than normally expected is termed hyperalgesia. For example, when ice is applied on the skin it hurts but ice applied on a burned skin does hurt even more. When punctuated stimuli are applied on the course of the sciatic nerve it normally hurts but in case of sciatica it hurts even more (= hyperalgesia). Hyperalgesia is hypersensitivity on a stimulus that normally hurts, due to over stimulation of the nocisensors. The A-a and A-b fibres normally do not give pain, because they are not nocisensors. They register only normal values. Under certain circumstances they provoke pain. This happens in case of injured tissues or nerves or when the nocisensors become active. When nocisensors already give pain as a result of a decreased threshold, then the A-a and A-b fibres become sensiti ve as well. A light pressure on the pain area will also be painful. A low pressure- or strain force on the skin, tendons or muscles normally provoke no pain, but in case of damage it will well provoke pain. This is termed allodynia. Allodynia is pain that is caused by a stimulus that normally doesnt hurt due to an increased sensitivity of the the A-a and A-b fibres. This phenomon gives an opportunity to test the pain perception of the nervous system by use of pricking or brushing tests on the painfull area. There is a difference between nocisensor stimulation and the pain interpretation. 11 Table 5: Difference between nocicensor stimulation and pain. By use of selective stimulation the A-a and A-b fibres can be stimulated without that the A-d and C-fibres become active. This is caused by the low threshold of the A-a and A-ÃÆ'Ã… ¸ fibres compared with the A-d and C-fibres. A-d en C-fibres cant be stimulated selectively by use of mechanical stimuli because at the moment those fibres are stimulated; already the A-a and A-ÃÆ'Ã… ¸ fibres are active. When those become active, all fibres were stimulated. Also in case of nociception all those fibres are active. Selective stimulation can be used during TENS application or during active en passive mobilisations applied under the pain threshold level. 11 1.1.4. Hierarchy of the Nervous System The information processing in the nervous system happens on 4 levels. As well as the peripheral nerve ends, the dorsal horn, the brainstem and sub cortical and cortical levels are involvend. 1,7,11 1.1.4.1. The peripheral nerve ends The peripheral nerve ends are responsible for the uptake of information. The receptors are modulated by the state of surrounding tissue and the condition of the peripheral nerve. 1.1.4.2. The dorsal horn of the spinal medulla The dorsal horn modulates the incoming signals and is influenced by the state of the dorsal horn and the quantity and kind of gathered stimuli. 1.1.4.3. The brainstem The brainstem provides the primary responses with autonomic and hormonal modulations as a response to stimulation. 1.1.4.4. Sub cortical and cortical levels The sub cortical and cortical area provides the conscious cognitive and psycho-emotional modulation. The processing of the information and response on stimulation depends on the hierarchic manner, but always occurs with a total integration of the whole nerve system. 1.1.4.5. The Archi-, Paleo- and Neo level of the nervous system The nervous system can be ordered depending on a hierarchic manner in an archi, paleo and a neo level. 7 1.1.4.5.1. The Archi level The archi level consists of the gray matter (dorsal horn) of the spinal medulla, the ascending multisynaptic pathways in and around the gray matter, the medial pathways of the anterolateral quadrant, the mid part of the cerebellum and the brainstem (reticular formation). It is responsible for the most automatic movements after Hughlings Jackson. 7 1.1.4.5.2. The Paleo level The paleo level consists of the ascending pathways of the anterolateral quadrant, the descending pathways in the ventro-lateral quadrant, the hormonal and vestibular nuclei in the brainstem, the hypothalamus, certain parts of the cerebellum and the limbic system. Humoral influences from the liquor can influence (endofins) the sensibility of the pain system. 7 1.1.4.5.3. The Neo level The neo level consists of the dorsal ascending pathways, the dorso-lateral and ventral descending pathways, the cerebellar cortex, the lateral thamalus nuclei and the cerebral cortex. It is responsible for the cognitive mental processes, accurate skills and least automatic functions. 7 1.1.4.6. Phylogenetic development of the nervous system The phylogenetic development of the nervous system differs in time for the different levels. The archi-system is the oldest and is identical to that of the lower vertebrates. It is completely developed when born. The paleo-system is younger than the archi-system. It is identical of that of the lower vertebrates but only half developed when born. The neo-system is het youngest system in the phylogenetic evolution. It is much more developed than that of the lower vertebrates and not developed when born. 7 1.1.4.7. Functional properties of the different hierarchic systems of the nervous system Specific properties can be indicated to the different hierarchic levels of the nervous system. 1.1.4.7.1. Functional properties of the Archi level The archi level consists of C and A-d fibres. It is a relatively slow and tonic (continuous) working system that stands for the basic needs of life e.g.: basic survival or most automatic movements and autonomic functions such as basic tonus regulation in the brainstem and medial cerebellum. It is responsible for primary pain modulation e.g.: redraw reflex and increased tonus. 1.1.4.7.2. Functional properties of the Paleo level The paleo level consists especially of A-d, A-b, and C-fibres as well. It is a relative quicker system but also has tonic activity properties. The paleo level supports the archi-level by use of hormonal adaptation and psycho-emotional adaptation. It takes part of the autonomic function (hormonal function), fight/flight reactions in case of stress and pain and posture regulation (static posture balance). 1.1.4.7.3. Functional properties of the Neo level The neo level consists especially of A-a and A-b fibres and is very quick with phasic responses on stimulation. It analyses the information of the archi- and paleosystem and is guided by use of cognitive responses. The least automatic movements are guided and conscious movements. It regulates the dynamic posture balance and automatisation of movements. It is responsible for the organ sense perception and dissociated movement. 1.1.4.7.4. Interaction and control of the different hierarchic systems in the nervous system General principles of interaction among the different hierarchic systems in the nervous system can be summarized as follows. The paleo-system controls the archi-system and guides it. The neo-level controls the archi- and paleo system and guides both. The neo-level surrounds literally the archi and paleo level. The grey matter is situated medially in the nervous system medial in spinal medulla, the white matter laterally. The neo-system keeps the paleo-level and archi-level in harness. The hierarchic construction of the nervous system can be seen as a gate control system that exists on all levels. 7 1.1.4.7.5. Gate-control in the peripheral nerve fibres Axo-axonal connections between lower and higher fibres exist. The A-a and A-b fibres give off collaterals in the dorsal horn. The A-a and A-b attain the spinal medulla faster and prepare it for the arrival of A-d and C-stimuli. Selective stimulation of higher fibres (A-a and A-b fibres) inhibits the working of the fibres of lower order (A-d and C-fibres). 1.1.4.7.6. Gate control in the dorsal horn At the level of the dorsal horn interaction and control mechanisms exist and this phenomen known as Gate-control in the dorsal horn is also known as the gate theory of Melzack en Wall. The outlets of the A-a en A-b neurons shunt on the outlets of the A-d and C-neurons and their neurotransmitters close the ion-channels of these. The descending pathways of the paleo- and neosystem do the same and work on the interneurons and inhibit the A-d and C-neurons. 11 1.1.4.7.7. Gate-control in the brain The cortical pathways control the sub cortical pathways. They inhibit the brainstem reflexes. Conscious movements and intentions inhibit unconscious tonic reflexes (Example: relaxation). The cortical and sub cortical pathways regulate a directed and conscious life. The brainstem provides the autonomic support. This is all controlled by neurotransmitters. The perception of nociceptive pain not only involves the sensation transmitted and regulated by peripheral and central neurons, but is also affected by higher brain functions. 11 1.1.4.7.8. The uptake of nociception information A-d and C-fibres are the only fibres that can registrate nociception. The A-d fibres are quicker and give epicritic pain when the stimulus is attaining the pain centres. Epicritic pain means precise localisation with immediate redraw reflexes. The kind of pain is described as stabbing, boring, tearing or pulling. The impulses of the C-fibres attain the pain centres much later. They give protopathic pain, which is a continuous pain. That pain is not precisely located. Protopathic pain is burning, booring of a kind and continues much longer. It goes together with autonomic reactions, for expample: oedema. 11 1.1.5. The dorsal horn of the spinal medulla 1.1.5.1. General survey of the classification of the grey matter of the spinal medulla The grey matter is divided in the 10 layers of Rexed. This system is named by Rexed who discovered that the neurons in the dorsal horn where organised in layers depending on their function. Every layer is present in different segments and forms rostro-caudal nuclear columns. The counting happens from the dorsal horn to the anterior horn. Every layer is in contact with another by interneurons and dendrites. Layer I and II: nocisensory outlets of both: musculo-skeletal and visceral structures Layer III: intersegmental ascending pathways (dorsal proprium tract) and outlets to the spinothalamic tract (anterolateral quadrant) Layer IV: exclusive nocisensors from the musculoskeletal system Layer V-VI: fibres arriving from the nocisensors of the skin and viscera Layer VII: lateral horn: interneurons and sympathetic neurons Layer VIII en IX: motoneurons for musculoskeletal system Layer X: hormonal neurons In all levels descending pathways arrive from diverse levels of the brain. 1.1.5.2. Somatotopic ordering of nocisensors in the dorsal horn In layer I-II the nocisensors of viscera and musculo-skeletal structures are laying next to each other. They are ordered in a sagittal way from medial to lateral. The medial structures project medial and lateral structures project laterally. In layer V the nocisensors of certain skin areas are lying next to the nocisensors of viscera. Those are ordered in horizontal layers. For example: the organ-nocisensors under the level of the diafragm are lying next to the skin sensors from Th7-Th10. 1.1.5.3. Segmental interactions in the dorsal horn Normal reactions in musculo-skeletal influence the nocisensoric function. Outlets of nocisensors stimulate interneurons. There exists interaction with the spinothalamic tract and interaction with motoric anterior horn cells (somato-somatic relation). Normal reactions in musculo-skeletal nocisensoric function and influence the outlets of nocisensors stimulate the interneurons causing interaction with spinothalamic tract and with the sympathetic lateral horn cells (viscero-visceral relation). 11 Abnormal reactions can occur when the outlets of nocisensors infect the other nocisensors. Those react in turn causing interaction between motoric and visceral responses. This results in a somato-visceral relation, a somato-sympathetic relation and a viscero-somatic relation. 1.1.5.4. The Importance of Wide Dynamic Range Neurons In layer III, wide dynamic range neurons (WDR-neurons) exist. 21 Those WDR-neurons are interneurons that connect all the A-d en C-fibres from the dorsal horn. They project on the spinothalamic tract (antero-lateral quadrant). The ventral pathways go to the reticular formation, medial thalamus and the medial limbic system. The lateral pathways go to the lateral thalamus and cortex. They connect all visceral and motoric stimuli (= summation) with as consequences that motoric and visceral stimuli are sent together to the brain. The brain receives segmental information and no individual information. The brain can project pain to segmental connected structures. This is termed referred pain. Examples are: the stomach ulcer can provoke inter scapular pain or cardiac complaints and can give ulnaris nerve pain. Pain does not always indicate the exact location and origine. Anamnesis, assessment and clinical reasoning are very important. 1.1.5.5. Inhibition and excitation of the dorsal horn Inhibition and excitation of impulses in the dorsal horn can be caused by outlets of peripheral nerves. For example the A-a and A-b can inhibit the A-d and C fibres (pre-synaptic inhibiton). The outlets of the descending pathways can influence the the nerve ends and the interneurons (postsynaptic inhibition/excitation). The interneurons themselves can cause pre- or postsynaptic inhibition/excitation. Summation of stimuli defines the state of the dorsal horn. If a segment is excited or inhibited depends on the som of stimuli. Nocisensory impulses of the peripheral nerves always excite the dorsal horn. Summation of exciting nocisensoric impulses is defined by spatial and temporal facilitation. Temporal facilitation means the timing; spatial facilitation, the diverse structures that are involved. Impulses of A-a and A-b neurons act generally inhibiting. The impulses from the descending pathways can act in both ways. They are also regulated by temporal and spatial factors. The sum of sti mulating and inhibiting stimuli defines the state of the dorsal horn. An excitated dorsal horn provokes a lot of irradiating pain. 1.2. Assessment of Primary and Secondary Hyperalgesia 1.2.1. Definition of primary hyperalgesia Changes in the local sensibility of the afferent neurons as a result of a lesion in the peripheral tissues are termed hyperalgesia. In case of an increased sensibility of the A-a and A-b fibres the primary hyperalgesia is termed allodynia. In case of an increased sensibility of the A-d and C fibres the primary hyperalgesia is termed hyperalgesia. The lesion in the peripheral tissue can be of inflammation or neurogenic origin. 22 1.2.1.1. Pathophysiology of primary hyperalgesia In case of tissue injury bradykinin and ATP is produced at the site of lesion. Those mediators stimulate the blood- and lymphatic vessels, the mast cells and nociceptors. In the circulation inflammatory mediators are released aswell as histamine, serotonin, NGF, leucocytes, trombocytes and others. C-fibres released neuropeptides such as SP and CGRP. Those modulate and stimulate the release of other inflammatory mediators aswell. All those mediators are termed the inflammatory soup. Those mediators also stimulate the C-fibres which causes a vicious circle. The sympathetic nerve terminals are stimulated by inflammation and release noradrenalin which also stimulates the C-fibres. The sympathetic coupling between C-fibres and sympathetic end neurons occurs. The presence of inflammatory mediators decreases the threshold of all types of endneurons with as a result local allodynia and hyperalgesia. The allodynia and hyperalgesia can spread in the surrounding tissue, by stimulating the surro unding neurons. This is termed the flair zone. 22,23 Figure 16: Consequences of tissue injury: the inflammatory soup. 14 1.2.1.2. Primary hyperalgesia and the dorsal horn The A-d mechanoreceptors and nociceptors, and C-nocisensors stimulate the dorsal horn of somatic connected segments. As a consequence a temporary wind-up can occur. A wind-up is an over stimulation that can hold on for 72 hours. A refectory muscular reaction occurs around the lesion aswell. As a result the stimulation via the ascending pathways (antero-lateral quadrant) to the brain increases. Protopatic pain (quick, stabbing pain) followed by epicritical pain (boring, continuous pain) occurs. The brainstem regulates the autonomic reactions further such as sympathetic, hormonal, and emotional. The C-nocisensors give stimuli to the sympathetic connected segments. As a result the sympathetic system stimulates the C-endneurons (= sympathetic coupling) and vasoconstriction on the arterioles and lymphatic vessels. 20,24 1.2.1.3. Primary hyperalgesia and nerve injury When compressed inflammation occurs as prescribed above. In case of long standing injury, an ectopic injury occurs. This can be located on different locations on the peripheral nerve with the result that hyperalgesia and allodynia occurs on the course of the nerve, the connected dermatomes and this from the nerve root! In the spinal ganglion of the nerve, the sympathetic endneurons grow round the nerve cells with the occurrence of basket formations as a result. Consequently sympathetic maintained pain (SMP) occurs, also termed causalgia. This phenomon can continue for 7 to 10 weeks after the lesion but can also continue afterwards. 10 25 To summarize we can state that inflammation provokes a local hyperalgesia and allodynia, which spreads over the flair zone. Locally a vicious circle between the inflammatory soup and C-fibres takes place and sympathetic coupling between sympathetic end-neurons and C-fibres occurs. This continues until the tissue heals. Normally the medulla reacts with a temporary wind-up and a normal stimulus-response reaction. In case of neurogenic injury, causalgia may occur and sensitisation of the dorsal horn is possible. 22 1.2.1.4. Clinical pain assessment in case of primary hyperalgesia During the pain assessment, in case of primary hyperalgesia, when brushing or by use of punctuate stimuli the following properties are local allodynia and hyperalgesia restricted to the flair zone. In case of a nerve injury the flair zone is restricted to the course of the nerve root. Local sympathetic reactions occur when inflamed but are restricted in time. In case of allodynia and hyperalgesia when brushing and applying punctuated stimuli on the course of the nerve or a part of it, sympathetic reactions in the dermatome of the nerve can occure aswell. 22 1.2.2. Definition of Secondary Hyperalgesia An increased sensibility of all types of nerve fibres that continues outside the flair zone of the original lesion, linked to the course of the hyperalgesia and allodynia around the tissue, is termed secondary hyperalgesia. 22 1.2.2.1. Pathophysiology of secondary hyperalgesia When tissue is injured, nociceptors stimulate the interneurons by use of neurotransmitters such as SP, CGRP, NO, Ca, etc. The A-a and A-b neurons provide inhibiting neurotransmitters and the descending pathways give exciting or inhibiting mediators. The WDR-neurons receive al those impulses and send them to the spino-thalamic tract. WDR-neuron receptors differ. Some open ion-channels using inhibiting neurotransmitters, others open ion-channels using exciting neurotransmitters depending on the kind of receptor. If the stimulus acts inhibiting or exciting depends on the quantity of the opened inhibiting- or exciting ion-channels. In case of secondary hyperalgesia, more excitatory stimuli exist and insufficient inhibiting ways are activated. The WDR-neurons will work exiciting as well because of the fact they do not only activate the spino-thalamic pathways but also on the incoming stimulating neurons. As a result a vicious circle occurs in the dorsal horn. This provokes a decreased thr eshold of the present neurons. The sensors are also stimulated by the dorsal horn and not only by the local lesion. They become sensitized over their whole course with the consequence that the central hyperalgesia is linked to the lesion. When the local lesion is healing, the central allodynia will also disappear. Hyperalgesia is not as much linked to the course of the lesion but can last longer. Its origin is mostly caused by temporal and spatial summation of exciting stimuli. 22 1.2.2.2. Clinical pain assessment in case of secondary hyperalgesia During the pain assessment, when touching (brushing) and applying punctuate stimuli local hyperalgesia en allodynia and extending hyperalgesia and allodynia can be observed. When the pain occurs outsite the spinal column area the touching (brushing) and applied punctuate stimuli starting from the lesion and over the dermatome near by. The application must be enlarged to the neighbouring dermatomes and also to the corresponding segments of the spine. Always compare with the opposite side. Differentiate allodynia and hyperalgesia. 22 In case of primary hyperalgia the allodynia and/or hyperalgesia is restricted to the lesion area and flair zone. The allodynia disappears before the hyperalges

Limiting Death Row Appeals :: essays research papers

Limiting Death Row Appeals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Constitution of the United States outlines the rights of a person accused of a crime. The individual has a right to a trial and to be judged by a jury of his peers. When the result of a trial is a guilty verdict and the individual is sentenced to death, the individual has a right to appeal the verdict and the sentence. At the present time, there are virtually no limits on the number of appeals the individual is entitled to and the process could take years. Therefore, the process should be altered to limit the number of appeals to one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Supreme Court of the United States re-instituted the death penalty in 1976. Between that year and 1995, 314 inmates have been executed in the 37 states, districts, and providences of the United States that allow the death penalty. There are more than 3100 inmates on death row. The majority of executions are of white males. Most executions are by lethal injection or electrocution. In the years since the Supreme Court re-instituted the death penalty through 1994, there have been approximately 467,000 homicides in the United States. Based on that number, 2.8 people will die every hour at the hands of another person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Death row inmates are often on death row for years, some upwards of twenty years. This puts great financial strain on taxpayers' money. While in prison, inmates have many privileges, including cable television, the chance to pursue a college degree, and free health care, all at taxpayers' expense. There are many law-abiding citizens who don't get these benefits. It is appalling to think these people have a virtual life of leisure while in prison. There are some death penalty opponents who believe that convicts don't get enough privileges and lobby for better living conditions and the rights of the convicted felons. Lost in this passionate pursuit of human rights are the rights of the dead victim and those of that victim's family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The appeal process is lengthy and time-consuming. The appeal process is almost automatic for individuals sentenced to death. Many appeals are filed by the convicts in hopes of overturning their conviction or to change their sentence to life imprisonment. Although a great majority of these cases are handled pro bono by lawyers ethically opposed to the death penalty, no consideration is taken in respect to the cost to taxpayers for the local, state, and federal government to respond to and process these appeals. A little known fact about the appeals process is that many states have laws providing funds for the legal defense and appeals for convicted felons.